Determination of Muscimol Alpha Amanitin and Metal Ions in Some Poisonous Mushrooms

Özet

Mushrooms are an important nutritional source due to their richness in proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. They offer numerous health benefits, including blood pressure regulation, antitumor activity, immune system enhancement, cholesterol control, antioxidant properties, and the regulation of heart rhythm. However, cases resulting in severe bodily harm and even death have been reported due to the consumption of wild mushrooms by individuals lacking expertise in mushroom identification and relying on hearsay or inaccurate information. Even low doses of certain mushroom toxins can lead to poisoning. Given that the levels of compounds such as muscimol, alpha-amanitin, and various metals vary depending on the mushroom species and their growing environment, this study was conducted. Used for centuries as poisons, medicines, and food, mushrooms are now recognized as an indispensable source of protein. In addition to mushroom toxins, heavy metals present in mushrooms can damage various organs, lead to more severe health outcomes, and accelerate death. In this study, a quantitative analysis of different toxins and the metal content in various mushroom species was carried out. For this purpose, both edible and toxic mushroom species were analyzed, including Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach, commonly consumed as a cultivated mushroom, and the toxic species Amanita phalloides (Vaill. Ex Fr.) Link, Amanita pantherina (DC.) Krombh., and Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam., collected from the provinces of Rize, Trabzon, and Düzce. The toxins alpha-amanitin in Amanita phalloides and muscimol in Amanita pantherina and Amanita muscaria were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).The concentrations of elements Ag (ng/kg), Al (μg/kg), As (ng/kg), Ba (ng/kg), Ca (μg/kg), Cd (ng/kg), Co (ng/kg), Cr (ng/kg), Cu (ng/kg), Fe (μg/kg), K (μg/kg), Mg (μg/kg), Mn (ng/kg), Mo (ng/kg), Na (μg/kg), Ni (ng/kg), P (μg/kg), Pb (ng/kg), Sb (ng/kg), Sn (ng/kg), Sr (ng/kg), Ti (ng/kg), V (ng/kg), and Zn (ng/kg) in mushrooms were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), while Hg (μg/kg) was analyzed using graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Additionally, the elemental composition C, N, H, S, and O in terms of percentage was determined using an elemental analyzer. The binding forms of the metals were identified using X-ray Diffraction (XRD).