İngilizce Detection and Genetic Variation of Spa and Tst-1 Gene in Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Samples in THI-QAR
Genetic Variation of Staphylococcus aureus Samples in THI-QAR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479022Anahtar Kelimeler:
UTI, Staphylococcus aureus, Spa,Tsst-1Özet
İdrar yolu enfeksiyonu (İYE), insanlarda görülen en yaygın bulaşıcı hastalıklardan biridir. Gram pozitif bir bakteri olan Staphylococcus aureus İYE’ nın en sık görülen etkenlerindendir. Bu çalışmada, Thı-qar ilinde İYE hastalarından alınan idrar örneklerinde S. aureus’un dağılımını belirleyerek Stafilokokal protein A (spa) ve toksik şok sendromu toksin-1 (Tsst-1) gen bölgelerinin varlığı ve genetik varyasyonu araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. S. aureus’un idendifikasyonunda çeşitli biyokimyasal yöntemler ile API-20 ve Vitek2 kompakt sistemleri kullanılmıştır. Suşların antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesinde klinikte sık olarak kullanılan on dört farklı antibiyotik kullanılmıştır. İYE hastalarından izole edilen S. aureus suşlarına ait spa ve tsst-1 genlerinin varlığını belirlemek amacı ile PCR tekniği kullanılmıştır. Suşlara ait genetik varyasyon DNA dizileme analizi yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada İYE şikayeti olan 200 hastadan alınan idrar örneklerinin 133’ünde (%66.5) S. aureus pozitif olarak bulunmuştur. Suşların antibiyotik duyarlılıklarında en yüksek direnç oranları Ampisilin (%100), Sefoksitin (%97.7), Tetrasiklin (%76.6), Klindamisin (7%1.4) ve Trimetoprim-Sülfametoksazole (%54.1) olarak belirlenirken Eritromisin (%43.6) ve Doksisiklin (%42.8) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan, test edilen suşlar, Vankomisin ve Novobiyosine karşı yüksek derecede duyarlılık göstermiştir. Tüm S. aureus izolatları (n=55), spa genine karşı %100 oran ile pozitif reaksiyonla amplifiye edilirken, tsst-1 gen varlığı %20 oranında belirlenmiştir. DNA dizileme analizinde, yerli S. aureus izolatlarında spa genindeki genetik varyasyon yüzdesi (%0.84-1.05) arasında iken tsst-1 genindeki genetik varyasyon %0.23 olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda Irak’ta S. aureus prevalansında anlamlı bir artış olduğunu spa ve tsst-1 genindeki genetik varyasyonun düşük olduğu görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İYE, Staphylococcus aureus, Spa, Tsst-1
Referanslar
Alni, R. H., Mohammadzadeh, A., Mahmoodi, P., Alikhani, M. Y. (2018). Detection of toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) gene among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients and healthy carriers. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 5(1), 14249-14249. https://doi.org/10.5812/ajcmi.14249
Alsamarai, A. G. M., Abdul-Rahman, Latif, I , Abdul-Aziz, M. M. (2016). Urinary tract infection in Iraq: Evaluation of early detection methods and etiology. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(7), 181-194. Retrieved from https://doi.org/20959/wjpps20167-7196
Armbruster, C. R., Wolter, D. J., Mishra, M , Hayden, H. S., Radey, M. C., Merrihew, G., et al. (2016). Staphylococcus aureus protein A mediates interspecies interactions at the cell surface of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ASM Journals - American Society for Microbiology, 7:e00538-e1516. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00538-16
Atlas, R. M. (2010). Handbook of microbiological media. CRC press. 4th ed. Boca Raton, United. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1201/EBK1439804063
Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M., Sherris, J. C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4), 493-496.
Chakraborty, S. P., KarMahapatra, S., Bal, M., Roy, S. (2011). Isolation and identification of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from post operative pus sample. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences, 4(2),152-168.
Costa, A. R., Batistão, D. W., Ribas, R. M., Sousa, A. M., Pereira, M. O., Botelho, C. M. (2013). Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors and disease. Microbial pathogens and strategies for combating them. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 1, 702-710.
Costa, F. N., Belo, N. O., Costa, E. A., Andrade, G. I., Pereira, L. S., Carvalho, I. A., (2018). Frequency of enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and biofilm formation genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows with mastitis in the Northeast of Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(5), 1089-1097. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1534-6.
Dielubanza, E. J., Schaeffer, A. J. (2011). Urinary tract infections in women. Medical Clinics of North America, 95(1), 27-41. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2010.08.023
Fadhel, A. N., Abureesha, R. A., Al-azzawi, R. H. (2013). Prevalence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus and their biofilm ability among Iraqi patients suffering from urinary tract infection. Iraqi Journal of Science, 54(3): 547-552.
Furuya, D., Tsuji, N., Kuribayashi, K., Tanaka, M., Hosono, Y., Uehara, N., Watanabe, N. (2010). Evaluation of spa typing for the classification of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 63(5), 364-367.
Goudarzi, M., Abiri, P., Nasirian, S., Afshari, S. (2018). SCCmec and spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection: emergence of spa types t426 and t021 in Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 11(5):e62169. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.62169
Hammoudi, A. M. (2013). Urinary tract infection of adults in Baghdad City. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied, 2, 1-6.
Hannah, K. I., Gunturu, R., Joyce, M., Theresa, O. (2011). The incidence of nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections in Kenyatta National Hospital. Baraton Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 1(2), 12-21.
Harsha, T. R., Vijaya, D., Nagarathnamma, T. (2013). Bacteriological profile and comparison of Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens by conventional disk diffusion and Rapid mini API Method. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 30(30), 7-12.
Iregbu, K. C., Nwajiobi-Princewill, P. I. (2013). Urinary tract infections in a tertiary hospital in Abuja, Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 14(3), 169-173. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v14i3.9
Ismail, M. D., Ali, I., Hatt, S., Cronenwett, A. W., Marrs, C. F., Foxman B. (2018). Association of Escherichia coli ST131 lineage with risk of urinary tract infection recurrence among young women. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 13, 81-84. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2017.12.006
Kareem, S. M., Aljubori, S. S., Ali, M. R. (2020). Novel determination of spa gene diversity and its molecular typing among Staphylococcus aureus Iraqi isolates obtained from different clinical samples. New Microbes and New Infections, 29, 34, 100653. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100653
Kareem, S. M., Al-Jubori, S. S, Ali, M. R. (2015). Prevalence of erm genes among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Iraqi isolates. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied, 4(5), 575–585.
Kourtis, A. P., Hatfield, K., Baggs, J., Mu, Y., See, I., Epson, E., et al. (2019). Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 68(9), 214-219. Retrieved from https://doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6809e1
MacFaddin, J. F. (2000). Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria pp: 912, 3rd. Lippinocott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia, USA.
Markey, B. K., Leonard, F. C., Archambault, M., Cullinane, A., Maguire, D. 2014. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, 105-120. 2nded. Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh.
Onanuga, A., Awhowho, G. O. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains from patients with urinary tract infections in Yenagoa, Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science 4(3), 226. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.99058
Ostojić, M., Hukić, M. (2015). Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, isolated on three different geography locations. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 15(3), 48. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2015.402
Ross, A., Shoff, H. W. (2022). Toxic Shock Syndrome. In: StatPearls Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing.
Seifu, W. D., Gebissa, A. D. (2018). Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infections (İYE) in Shashemene referral hospital, Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases 18(1), 30-37. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2911-x
Shi, H., Tang, J., An, C., Yang, L., Zhou, X. (2021). Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus strain NCTC8325 interacted with heparin. Archives of Microbiology, 203, 2563–2573. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02255-0
Somerville, G. A., Parrett, A. A., Reed, J. M., Gardner, S. G., Morton, M., Powers, R. (2022). Human Serum Alters the Metabolism and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Proteome Research, 21(6), 1467-1474. Retrieved from doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00073
Spaulding, A. R., Salgado-Pabon, W., Kohler, P. L., Horswill, A. R., Leung, D. Y., Schlievert, P. M. (2013). Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26, 422–447. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00104-12
Tong, S. Y., Davis, J. S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. L., Fowler, V. G. (2015). Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(3), 603- 661. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00134-14
Wagenlehner, F. M. E., Naber, K. G. (2006). Current challenges in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and prostatitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 12, 67-80. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01398.x
Wang, M., Zheng, Y., Mediavilla, J., Chen, L., Kreiswirth, B., Song ,Y., et al. (2017). Hospital dissemination of tst-1-positive clonal complex 5 (CC5) methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 7,101. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00101
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2023 EJONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.