Ejons International Journal on Mathematic, Engineering and Natural Sciences

Micropropagation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Hibernal Using Chitosan, Meta-Topolin and Silicon Supplementation

Marcelina KRUPA-MALKIEWICZ, Ireneusz OCHMIAN, Dominika CZEDA, Wiktoria PISKULA — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of this protocol is to present an optimized in vitro micropropagation procedure for Vitis vinifera L. cv. Hibernal, focusing on shoot multiplication, rooting, and plant quality under supplementation with chitosan, meta-topolin (mT), and silicon (Actisil) in Woody Plant Medium (WPM). Nodal shoots excised from vineyard-grown stock plants are surface-disinfected and established on hormone-free WPM, followed by multiplication on media enriched with different concentrations of chitosan, mT, and Actisil. Low chitosan concentration (10 ppm) promotes root elongation and high-quality shoots without visible phytotoxicity. In contrast, higher mT levels suppress both shoot and root formation, underlining the need for careful cytokinin dosage. Actisil applied at 50 µL L⁻¹ slightly improves root length and plant resilience, confirming the supportive role of silicon in stress tolerance. Leaf colour parameters measured in the CIE Lab system reflect changes in pigmentation and potentially chlorophyll content in response to mT and chitosan. The protocol provides a reproducible platform for efficient micropropagation of ‘Hibernal’ and can be adapted to other wine grape cultivars.

Synthesis and Characterization of Some Substituted Phenyl/Pyridin-4-yl Ring-Containing 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole Compounds

Yeşim KIRBAŞ, Demet GÜRBÜZ — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

In this study, six new compounds containing a 1,2,4-triazolo-thiadiazole structure were synthesized by reacting 4-amino-3-phenyl/(pyridin-4-yl)-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazole with carboxylic acids bearing different halogen and methyl substituents in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. Phosphorus oxychloride is the effective reagent in the ring-closure reaction. The synthesized compounds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analytical methods in order to determine their structural properties. The FTIR spectra provided information about the basic functional groups present in the compounds, the ¹H-NMR spectra enabled a general structural evaluation of the proton environments, and the [M+H]+ molecular ions observed in the ESI-MS analyses enabled the determination of the molecular weights. The findings obtained from the applied analyses showed that the synthesized 1,2,4-triazolo-thiadiazole derivatives were formed appropriately.

Cluster Analysis of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Data: A Study Based on Occupational Groups

Muharrem ÜNVER, Haitham ALSHEHABAT — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of this study is to analyze work accident and occupational disease data in Türkiye for the period 2020–2024 using the cluster analysis method. The dataset was obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the Social Security Institution (SGK) and includes 88 occupational groups. Before analysis, the data were standardized, and the rates of work accidents and occupational diseases were evaluated separately. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using Ward’s method, revealing that occupational groups were classified according to their similarity levels. As a result, the work accident data formed three clusters, consisting of 41 low, 28 medium, and 19 high-risk occupational groups. For occupational diseases, four clusters were obtained, and the total number of reported cases increased by 27% between 2020 and 2024. The findings indicate that risk intensity is particularly concentrated in sectors such as manufacturing, construction, and mining. This study provides a data-driven framework to support targeted and prioritized occupational health and safety policies.

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another: A Case Report in the Context of Psychosocial Stressors

İsmail Emre AK, Bahadır GENİŞ, Narmin ISAYEVA, Alia GAREAYAGHI — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA) is a psychiatric condition classified as a form of child abuse, in which a caregiver intentionally produces or fabricates symptoms of illness in a dependent individual. First described by R. Meadow in 1977, FDIA is classified in the DSM-5 under Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders. Although rare, FDIA can lead to severe medical consequences. The concealment of symptoms by perpetrators complicates diagnosis, and victims are predominantly children. Reported mortality rates range between 6% and 9%, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis and regular follow-up. This case report describes a mother who brought her 18-month-old child to the emergency department with a complaint of hematuria; however, she was observed transferring her own blood onto the child’s diaper, resulting in mandatory reporting and a multidisciplinary evaluation that led to an FDIA diagnosis. Intrafamilial conflict, limited insight, and cognitive constraints were identified as contributing factors. Following a Family Court request, the mother’s custody suitability was evaluated, and supervised contact along with regular psychiatric follow-up was recommended. Nevertheless, during follow-up, the patient demonstrated irregular attendance, limited insight, and persistent externalization of responsibility, which impeded the effective implementation of clinical and judicial processes.

Inclusive Psychiatry: Mental Health of LGBTQ+ Individuals and Nursing Approach

Aslı GÜNDÜZ, Fatma İlknur UZUN — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

LGBTQ+ individuals experience structural discrimination, stigmatization, and social exclusion due to differences in sexual orientation and gender identity, which are associated with increased psychiatric morbidity, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and elevated suicide risk. Inclusive psychiatry represents a holistic approach to mental health care that recognizes LGBTQ+ identities as natural and valuable aspects of human diversity and places structural inequalities at the center of clinical understanding and intervention. The nursing profession plays a critical role in the implementation of this paradigm through its functions as care provider, advocate, educator, and researcher. This review examines the factors influencing the mental health of LGBTQ+ individuals, the core principles of inclusive psychiatry, nursing interventions, and related clinical practices.

Pre-Priming Applications in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seeds

Serkan GÖKÇE, Onur ÖZEN, Muhammet Anıl AYDIN, Mizgin MEHMET, Gülsüm ÖZTÜRK — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different pre-treatments on the germination percentage and mean germination time of sesame seeds. The experiment was carried out in 2025 at the Ege University Seed Technology Application and Research Center (TOTEM) under laboratory conditions, using a Completely Randomized Plot Design (CRPD) with three replications. As pre-treatments, GA₃ (500 mg L⁻¹), MLE (20 mL L⁻¹), Hydropriming and their combinations (Hydropriming + GA₃, Hydropriming + MLE) were applied to the seeds. Following the treatments, germination tests were conducted in accordance with ISTA rules, and the data were subjected to analysis of variance, with means compared using the LSD test. The results revealed statistically significant differences among treatments in terms of both germination percentage and mean germination time. The highest germination percentage was recorded in the Hydropriming + MLE treatment (90.00%). Regarding the mean germination time, the shortest duration was observed in the Hydropriming + MLE treatment (2.91 days). In conclusion, GA₃ MLE and GA₃ particularly when combined with Hidropriming, were found to be effective pre-sowing treatments for promoting faster and more uniform germination in sesame seeds.

Seed Priming Applications in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seeds

Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

This study was conducted to determine the effects of various pre-treatments on germination percentage (%) and mean germination time (days) in safflower seeds. The experiment was established in 2025 at the Ege University Seed Technology Application and Research Center (TOTEM) laboratories in Completely Randomized Plot Design with three replications. In the study, GA₃ (500 mg L⁻¹), NaCl (10 g L⁻¹), PEG 6000 (300 g L⁻¹), and their combinations (PEG 6000 + GA₃, PEG 6000 + NaCl) were applied as pre-treatments to the seeds. Following the treatments, germination tests were conducted in accordance with ISTA rules; the data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means were compared using the LSD test. The results revealed statistically significant differences among treatments in terms of both germination percentage (%) and mean germination time (days). The highest germination percentage (90.00%) was obtained from the PEG 6000 + GA₃ treatment. In terms of mean germination time, the shortest duration was determined in the PEG 6000 + GA₃ treatment (3.72 days). In conclusion, the combination of PEG 6000 and GA₃ was found to be the most effective pre-treatment in enhancing and accelerating germination in safflower seeds under laboratory conditions.

Germination Test of Zinnia Seeds Under Salt Stress and Scanning Electronic Microscope Analysis

Turgay KABAY — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Saline soils negatively affect seed germination. To determine the effect of different salt doses in the growing medium on seed germination, zinnia (Chrysogonum peruvianum L.) seeds were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. Zinnia seeds were sown in petri dishes, 20 seeds per dish, between filter paper. Salt doses of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM were prepared and applied to each petri dish containing the seeds. The study was designed according to a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 4 petri dishes in each replication. Daily germination data were collected from the petri dishes containing the zinnia seeds. Since the germination of the zinnia seeds was complete after 15 days, the study was terminated and analyses were performed. The study evaluated the responses of zinnia seeds to salt doses of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM. It was observed that germination rate and germination index decreased with increasing salt doses, while germination days increased with increasing salt concentration. Scanning electron microscopy results showed the presence of C, O, Ca, Si, Na, S, and Cl elements in zinnia seeds at 0, 50, and 100 mM salt doses, while sulfur was not detected at 150 mM. It was also observed that increasing salt concentrations led to shrinkage and shriveling of the seed coats.